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Chapter 5. Fortran programming 43
Option Explanation
-c Compile only, do not attempt to link
-r2 Request for standard listing file (.lst)
-r6 Request for full listing
-rm Request for listing with loopmarks
-i32 Treat INTEGER as 32-bit (4 bytes)
-s default32 Treat INTEGER, REAL and LOGICAL as 32-bit
-dp Treat DOUBLE PRECISION as REAL (default)
-On Set the optimization level n (0,1,2,3)
-O3 Aggressive optimization
-Osplit2 Automatic loop splitting (check all loops)
-Ounroll2 Automatic loop unrolling (2 copies)
-Oaggress Increases internal table limits for better optimization
-Obl Enables bottom loading of scalar operands in loops
-g Enable debugging of code with TotalView
Table 5.2: Some CF90 compiler options. For further details about the
options see the manual pages using the command man f90.
750 Mflop/s per processor, the parallel performance of the code will be
poor even if the code parallelizes perfectly.
The optimization of Fortran codes is discussed in detail in the Cray
publication Cray T3E Fortran Optimization Guide [Crac]. Therefore we
only present a short review of the subject here.
The first step in the performance optimization is the selection of a robust
and an efficient algorithm with regard to the parallel implementation.
When available, tested and efficient library routines should be used.
The code should be optimized first via compiler options and later, if
necessary, by manual intervention. Furthermore, one should begin the
optimization of a program from the parts that take most resources. This
requires profiling the program that is discussed in Chapter 9.
The -O option of the f90 command can be used to do several different
types of code optimization. The option -On, where n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, is
the basic way to select the optimization level.
Instead of giving the numerical optimization level, you can also request
a specific type of optimization. For example, the option
-O aggress,scalar3,bl,unroll2,split2
specifies aggressive optimization with extensive scalar optimization and
several techniques for loop optimization (bottom loading, unrolling and
loop splitting).
The specific optimization types can also be selected by compiler direc-
tives in the source code (see Section 5.7 on page 45).
- Cray T3E 1
- User’s Guide 1
- Cray T3E User’s Guide 3 3
- Contents 4
- Contents 5 5
- B Glossary 113 6
- Bibliography 118 6
- Index 120 6
- Introduction 7
- 1.2 Usage policy 8
- 1.3 Overview of the system 9
- 1.4 Programming environment 9
- 10 Cray T3E User’s Guide 10
- Chapter 1. Introduction 11 11
- 12 Cray T3E User’s Guide 12
- Using the Cray T3E at CSC 13
- 2.2 Files 14
- 2.3 Editing files 16
- 2.5 Executing in batch mode 17
- 2.6 More information 18
- The Cray T3E system 20
- 3.2 Distributed memory 21
- 3.3 Processing elements 21
- 3.4 Processor architecture 23
- 3.5 Local memory hierarchy 24
- 26 Cray T3E User’s Guide 26
- Processing Element 27
- I/O Controller 27
- Interconnection 27
- Network 27
- 3.9 File systems 28
- 3.10 Resource monitoring 29
- 30 Cray T3E User’s Guide 30
- 3.11 More information 31
- Program development 32
- 4.3.1 BLAS 34
- 4.3.2 LAPACK 34
- 4.3.3 BLACS 35
- 4.3.4 PBLAS and ScaLAPACK 35
- 4.3.5 Details 35
- 36 Cray T3E User’s Guide 36
- 4.6 More information 38
- Fortran programming 40
- 5.2 Basic usage 41
- 5.4 Compiler options 42
- 5.5 Optimization options 42
- 5.6 Optimizing for cache 44
- 5.7 Compiler directives 45
- 5.8 Fortran 90 modules 48
- 5.9 Source code preprocessing 49
- 5.10 More information 51
- C and C++ programming 52
- 6.2 The C compiler 53
- 6.3 Calling Fortran from C 54
- 6.4 C compiler options 55
- #pragma _CRI symmetric var 59
- #pragma _CRI unroll [n] 59
- 6.6 The C++ compiler 61
- 6.7 More information 61
- Interprocess communication 62
- 7.2.1 Format of the MPI calls 63
- 7.2.2 Some MPI routines 64
- 7.2.3 An example of using MPI 64
- 7.2.5 MPI data types 67
- 7.3.1 Using PVM on the T3E 68
- #include <mpp/shmem.h> 71
- INCLUDE ’mpp/shmem.fh’ 71
- 7.4.2 Data addresses 72
- 7.4.4 Reduction routines 74
- 7.4.6 Example of using SHMEM 76
- 78 Cray T3E User’s Guide 78
- 0:c= 10121416 78
- 1:c= 2468 78
- 80 Cray T3E User’s Guide 80
- Batch queuing system 81
- 82 Cray T3E User’s Guide 82
- # QSUB -l p_mpp_t=7000 82
- 8.3 Status of the NQE job 83
- 84 Cray T3E User’s Guide 84
- 8.4 Deleting an NQE batch job 86
- 8.5 Queues 86
- 8.6 More information 87
- Programming tools 88
- 9.2 Program Browser 89
- 9.3 Debugging programs 92
- 9.3.2 Examining core files 93
- 94 Cray T3E User’s Guide 94
- 9.4.1 MPP Apprentice 95
- 9.4.2 The appview command 98
- 9.4.3 PAT 98
- 9.5.1 The VAMPIRtrace library 100
- 102
- 9.5.3 More information 103
- Miscellaneous notes 104
- 10.1.3 The CPU clock timer 105
- 10.1.4 Example of timing 106
- 108 Cray T3E User’s Guide 108
- 10.4 More information 110
- About CSC 111
- 112 Cray T3E User’s Guide 112
- Glossary 113
- 114 Cray T3E User’s Guide 114
- Appendix B. Glossary 115 115
- Metacomputer Environment 116
- Bibliography 118
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